Book of Humanity

What can truely be gained by harming another human being?

The Golden Gate

For those who do not see as I do, Look unto this world new as a child; Not for one day, but for centuries as we see the times and trials of mankind pass.

The Doorstep

Humanity will stand in a place in time,

Where mankind can choose,

How we step to the stars,

Do we evolve in harmony along with the earth,

Or continue to stride against each other,

And natures ideals.

Humanity needs only one step to the stars,

faith.

1943 - - when the ark was seen

We all live on Earth, a little blue and green planet where life flourishes, within the Milky Way Galaxy in a sea of stars and galaxies that we call our universe. One day, mankind is destined to move out into the stars. As a whole, mankind can choose to end it's stay on earth triumphantly.

Solution to time dialation

Space - Time = Speed

942477 - T = e * (v/c^2)

or

((piVal*3)*1^5) - Time = Relativistic Velocity

Time Dialation = -e * (v/c^2) + ((piVal*3)*1^5)

fairly close to correct. (JC, Noether, A. E)

Theme for English B

JENNIFER CONNORS [1982–?]

The instructor said,

Go home and write

a page tonight.

And let that page come out of you —

Then, it will be true.

I wonder if it’s that simple?

The earth is our home,

A little blue and green planet where life flourishes,

In a sea of stars and galaxies,

We all live here together,

Each one of us a gem,

The earth it’s place holder,

The beauty of the earth is life itself!

I don’t understand why people label themselves or others,

As if to limit destinies,

As given by time and eternity.

Energy Values of Spacetime

A Planet Hunters Guide & Early Planetary Modeling Scenarios by Jennifer Connors Introduction

The oldest natural science on our earth is Astronomy. The viewing of and studying stars, planets, moons and the motions of celestial objects originate in the roots of nearly every religion and culture on earth. Since first viewing the beauty of the heavens ~mankind's thoughts were filled with wonder, admiration and devotion to better understand our universe. Exoplanets are the planets that exist in other star systems. Most recently NASA’s planet hunting telescope Kepler returned enough data for us to know that exoplanets exist frequently throughout the universe. New generations of exoplanetary exploration missions are being built to continue the search and study of exoplanets. NASA’s recently launched TESS the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and the JWST the James Webb Telescope were designed to discover a diverse new array of exoplanets and peer deeply into the elemental building blocks of our universe. An intriguing variety of newly discovered star systems with exoplanets are beginning to change our understandings about what types of habitable worlds exist in the universe, how frequently certain types are found, and what the conditions of these many worlds might be lke. What do we know about these exoplanetary star systems? And what information do we have to begin modeling and profiling the atmospheric conditions of habitable worlds?

The Search For Exoplanets

The NASA’s exoplanet archive contains 4306 confirmed exoplanets located across 3196 different star systems. More than 5649 exoplanet candidates await secondary telescope confirmations (Exoplanet Archive, 2020). In 2009 The Kepler Telescope Mission launched to study the starlight of a patch of the sky in the Lyra and Cygnus Star Constellations. The goal of this three year mission was to determine if exoplanets exist frequently in the universe. Planet hunters use the light data beamed down by Kepler to find new transiting exoplanets by transit detection method. When sudden drops appear in a stars light we find exoplanets transiting their stars. These drops in starlight are called transits. By using the transit method thousands of exoplanets have been detected and the study of star light teaches us many details about distant star systems; such as stellar and planetary parameters, orbital periods and orientation of orbiting objects, chemical compositions, and temperature.

NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) launched in 2018 to search for exoplanets. Rotating every 27 days TESS plans to observe 85% of the night sky searching for exoplanets. All planet hunting missions so far have discovered 1350 gas giants, 1458 neptune-like planets, 1329 super-earths, 163 terrestrial-planets, and 6 unknowns. The orbital periods of exoplanets can range from ~0.1 days to many thousands of days. Categorically terrestrial planets are most similar to Venus, Earths and Mars have rocky cores and high abundancies of Iron. Terrestrial-planets are generally less than 4 times Earth’s radius. Ice giants are similar to our solar systems Neptune and Uranus, which are composed of rock and ice ranging between 4-8 times Earth’s radius. Gas giants resembling Jupiter and Saturn are composed of lighter gases ranging greater than 8 times Earth’s radius with stronger gravitational fields. Small earth-like planets are difficult to find because they create smaller dimmings on a stars light. Surveys searching for smaller earth-like planets require precision suppression of systematic effects that can be found in data. When you couple systematic effects with common noise reduction techniques used in data handling, the tiny decrease of light that an earth-like planets creates may be lost. Smaller numbers of earth-sized exoplanets found in the Kepler survey further defines the necessity for optimal detrending and removal of systematic effects (Petigura, 2015).

Additional exoplanets may be found in a star system by detecting Transit Timing Variations (TTV's). Caused by local gravitational disturbances between orbiting objects variaitons alert the presence of other nearby exoplanets, moons or stars. Multi stars systems can be binary and trinary stars. Multi stars express enhanced gravitational relationships with each other creating larger TTV’s. Scientists have also detected exoplanets by radial velocity studies watching for wobbling stars. In radial velocity studies a planet orbiting a star may cause the star to wobble due to gravitational tugs created as two or more objects orbit the same center of mass. The stars wobbling makes light emitted from the star shift from blue to red lightwaves in the electro magnetic spectrum. Scientists discovered the very first exoplanets by radial velocity detections (Mayor & Maurice, 1985).

II. Prospects of Finding Exomoons

Ever greater numbers of exoplanets are being discovered and soon we will also detect numerous exomoons. More than 100 moons exist in our own solar system. Many newly discovered exoplanets are super earths and neptunes raising the probabilities of having hospitable exomoons (R. Heller, 2018). Beyond the basic orbital parameters of exomoons increased probabilities of being habitable are possible when a planet receives stellar flux reflection from other planets, has internal heating sources, has tidal heating or advanced atmospheric development in correlation with a magnetosphere. (R. Heller, 2018). Moons like planets can present with rings and rocky companions that can lead to detections if the moons orbital shadow is seen when the transiting host planet crosses a star. Probability of finding exomoons increase as our detection methods acquire precision. Future classifications of exomoons will redefine our conceptual ideas of potentially habitable worlds. Two examples of exomoon transit candidates are KID 6344983 and KID 4760478 (Kepler 1625-b-i). The possibility of Kepler 1625-b-i having exomoons exists but to date no exomoons have been clearly confirmed by a secondary observations. Leaving detections of exomoons nearly a blank page to be written upon.

III. Equilibrium Temperatures

Equilibrium temperatures indicate an exoplanets ability to have liquid water. If on average the energy coming in and going out from a star balance this is the planet's equilibrium temperature. A stars light or flux is energy received by a planet. Various stars emit different wavelengths of light throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. Larger planets like Jupitor, Saturn and Neptune exceed equilibrium temperatures indicating that these planets have internal heating sources. A planets albedo is determined by the materials that compose its surface and atmosphere. On earth the water that covers %71 of the surface absorbs most of the visible light our planet receives. Cloud and snow at the poles of earth reflect visible light while absorbing infrared light as heat. The terrain on earth varies of different types of sand and soil. When factors are combined to together earth has an albedo of ~30%. A planet like Mercury that has no atmosphere has a smaller albedo of ~6%. Higher reflectivity correlates with a higher planetary albedo. The adiabatic lapse rate of a planet correlates with how quickly the air in a planets atmosphere cools as elevation increases. To begin modeling exoplanetary conditions initial factors that can be considered are the planets albedo, adiabatic lapse rate, and equilibrium temperature. Study planetary thermal and chemical dynamics, pressures, compositions, core types, temperatures and energetic equilibriums will provide accurately balanced estimations.

IV. Habitable Zones

A Habitable Zone is the surrounding area near a star where temperatures allow liquid water to exist. The moist greenhouse or inner edge of a habitable zone is approximately ~340 Kelvins, here water vapour dramatically increases, and at ~373 Kelvins entire oceans will evaporate on earth like models. The opposite outer edge is the frost barrier, at which a planets temperature at approximately ~273 Kelvins water will easily freeze and the atmosphere will become opaque to stellar radiation. This outer edge can also be redefined as ~1.7 Astronomical Units away from a sunlike star. An Astronomical unit is the distance from earth to our sun. Additional factors that could extend habitability modes might be found in multi star systems. Two sources of energy received from stars or reflected light from nearby planets may enhance a planets equilibrium temperature. Added tidal heating, internal heat, advanced greenhouse ecologies, enhanced atmospheric dynamics with magnetospheres in correlation with the quantitative mass of an exoplanet may increase a planets ability to host liquid water. Increasing surface gravity may strengthen a planets magnetosphere aiding atmospheric structures that might make it harder for heat and atospheric particle to escape into space.

V. Star Relations & Star Type

The greatest magnitude of known earth-like planets orbit Type M dwarf stars. These cooler dwarf stars can survive tens of billions of years longer than sun-like stars because of fuel conservation. M dwarfs are the most populous star type in the universe with a solar radius ranging up to ~0.6 times Sol and temperatures ranging up to ~3,900 Kelvins. M Dwarfs present much intrigue to scientific community researching life supporting worlds. Typically it is easier to detect a habitable world orbiting a M Dwarf with a closer habitable zone. The close proximity required for a planet to reside within a M Dwarf habitable zone presents multiple challenges to the existence and evolution of life. Habitable zone worlds in M Dwarf star systems experience increased X-Ray irradiances up to ~400 times stronger than earth. M-Dwarfs are known to have active flares and magnetic activity (R. Heller, 2018) that could sterilize a planet or prevent atmospheric developments.

Type K stars that are slightly cooler than our sun are the second most populous stars in the universe. They survive for tens of billions of years and present the perfect conditions for life and evolutionary processes. Type G stars like our sun having wider habitable zones are not as frequently found in the universe. Hotter end of Type G and F stars having habitable zones with orbital periods through the 500 - 700 day range are currently outside the limits of our detection methods currently as we need multiple transits found to confirm a planet. This gap in planetary detections leaves the greater majority of longer period planets in wide reaching habitable zones out of our early detections (Bryson, 2020).

Stars and planets very often show like qualities, smaller stars produce smaller planets (Fulton, 2018) and more massive stars produce more massive planets. To accurately estimate a planets radius and mass requires the ability to accurately estimate the radius of the host star. Stellar and planetary radius estimations are commonly derived from photometric estimations that have slight errors. With secondary reviews of a stars radius done by spectral analysis will improve %5 - %10 of fractional inaccuracies (Petigura, 2015) and further define precision star and planetary radius estimations.

VI. Early Spectral Analysis

Spectroposphy study of exoplanetary atmospheres notes the missing absorption lines of a planet and stars light spectrum gathered when the planet orbits a host star. Spectral lightwave studies gage how a stars light interacts with the components of an exoplanets atmosphere. Different molecules in atmospheres absorb different wavelengths of light, the missing absorption lines in a planets spectrum reveal which molecular compositions exist in the atmosphere. Oxygen and Ozone absorb wavelengths of light less than 300 nanometers while water absorbs most wavelengths of light over 700 nanometers. Increases of UV stellar radiations can decrease the accumulation of lighter gasses (Rugheimer, 2012). Atmospheres with dense heavy cloud cover and high reflection present increased observational difficulties (Crossfield, 2015). When Hawaii's Keck Telescope team performed spectral analysis of Kepler's habitable zone planets they found that the trace elements that support life here on earth also exist faraway on exoplanets throughout the universe. These distant planets were found to be abundant with hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, iron and the basic building blocks of Life. Carbon and oxygen were enriched in stars with planets, indicating that many exotic worlds are formed in carbon rich environments. The Kepler Space Observatory and Keck findings findings suggest that we could find more than two billion planets in our galaxy with life supporting capabilities. New technology like the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and the James Webb Telescope (JWST) will be capable of classifying atmospheric compositions of super earths, neptunes and gas giants with ease (Cowan, 2015).

Carbon dioxide, methane, chloromethane, ammonia, nitrous oxide, oxygen, ozone, water, sodium and potassium are detectable by spectral analysis. Atmospheres are made of condensates, hazes and clouds, probing higher layers of an atmosphere will reveal molecular opacities. Greenhouse emissions that are highly viable with the ability to capture and recycle energy in a planets atmosphere. Greenhouse gasses increase global atmospheric warmings and carbon dioxide also absorbs sunlight without releasing energy, this increases atmospheric warming profiles. The signs of life and greenhouse gases leave spectral fingerprints on a planets atmosphere for us to see (Kaltenegger, 2011).

Earth has a magnetosphere and atmospheric fields that shield us from harmful radiations and helps protect the evolution of life on earth. Studying planetary atmospheric structures and make-ups better allow us to understand a planets habitability, formation and evolution in time. Planets with less than 1.5 Radius Earth are mostly composed of rocky cores (Fulton, 2018). Earthlike planets contain quantities of lighter gases composing a planets atmosphere. Smaller worlds rocky worlds high in can posses magnetic fields that aids atmospheric development. Colder planets can have water, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. These elements that form the building blocks of life are a thousand times less abundant than the lightest gases. Lighter elements and gasses in atmospheres add to a planets total size, mass, surface gravity and atmospheric structure. Planetary core characteristics of albedo, pressure, density, structure, chemical and thermodynamic equilibriums form our early understanding of atmospheric profiling. Given chemical and thermal equilibriums define which species may remain abundant under different types of pressures, temperatures and make-ups. Star systems evolve over a time and every planet may one day reach a point when its lighter gases and water vapor is stripped away by stellar radiation and winds.

IIV. Many New Worlds

Early findings indicate that ~15% of solar type stars—roughly one in six—have a 1–2 Earth radius planets. These early results are a reflection of the capabilities of the detection methods used (Petigura, 2015). Missing gaps found in the prevalence of earth sized planets of less than 1.3 times earth radius are attributed to technical detection limitations and the current precision of radius estimations for planets and stars (Fulton, 2017). Larger planets of short orbital periods are easily detected by transit observances. As our observation techniques improve we will find new varieties of earth-like and non earth-like worlds in many different star systems with diverse definitions of habitable zones. Kepler 22-b is the first planet of its star system. It orbits a larger Type G like our sun and is theorized to have a rocky core with oceans covering its surface. This planet is a super earth with a radius ~2.38 times earth with an orbital period of ~289 days, it exists perfectly within the stars habitable zone where liquid water can exist. Kepler 22-b was one of the first earth twins to be detected. Kepler 186-f is also a super earth orbiting a cooler M-Dwarf star that is roughly half the size of our sun every ~129.9 days. This planet is theorized to be a large rocky world ~1.71 times as massive as earth residing comfortable within an M Dwarf stars habitable zone.

Kepler 452-b orbits a Type G star every ~384.8 days mirroring an earth with double the surface gravity being ~1.7 times earths radius and ~3.2 times as massive. Kepler 1544-b is another super earth that orbits a cooler Type K star every ~168 days residing near the outer edge of the stars habitable zone. This planet is theorized as a rocky super earth ~1.8 times earths radius and ~3.8 times as massive, with an estimated equilibrium temperature of ~270 Kelvins. Kepler 1606-b is another super earth orbiting a Type G star every ~196 days residing at the inner edge of its G Type stars habitable zone. Being slightly larger at ~2 times earths radius and 5 times as massive as earth this planet has an estimated equilibrium temperature of ~324 Kelvins.

Kepler 1625-b is a giant planet orbiting a cooler Type G star every ~287 days residing near the inner edge of the stars habitable zone. Kepler 1625-b has a host star that is nearing the end of its life cycle with an estimated age of ~8.7 billion years. This world is known to potentially have an exomoon with approximate equilibrium temperature of ~346 Kelvins. Kepler 1638-b is a super earth that orbits a Type G star every ~259 days within the stars habitable zone. This planet is ~1.9 times earths radius and ~ 4 times as massive with an estimated equilibrium temperature of ~281 Kelvins. Kepler 1653-b is also a super earth orbiting a slightly cooler Type K star roughly ~70% as massive as our sun every ~140 days. This planet is ~2 times earths radius and 5 times as massive residing within the stars habitable zone at an estimated equilibrium temperature of ~284 Kelvins.

One last interesting find is HD 35512-b a rocky super earth orbiting a Type K Star every ~54 days residing at the inner edge of the stars habitable zone. This planet is theorized to have a rocky core that presents with land and sky similar to earth. Atmospheric modeling predicts that HD 35512-b has an atmosphere composed of water and carbon dioxide. This planet was discovered in by Swiss Astronomer Stephane Udry and the University of Geneva’s Astronomy Team by radial velocity detections (Kaltenegger, 2011).

IIIV. Conclusion

Recent results of exoplanet surveys suggest that exoplanetary star systems exist abundantly throughout our observable universe. With continued exoplanet surveys and further technological advances our catalog of known exoplanets will continue to grow allowing us to better understand the universe we live in. Questions of life's existence throughout other star systems in the universe will be answered when we better understand exoplanet conditions and the key to life’s beginnings. Our universe masterfully creates the conditions and buildings blocks needed for life to begin, the rest is determined by nature. Current and future planned exoplanet surveys will reveal great multitudes of potentially habitable worlds. Newer space survey equipment like the planned Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and the James Webb Telescope (JWST) will aid the spectral analysis of these many new exoworlds.

Works Cited “NASA Exoplanet Archive” NASA, IPAC, CALTECH, JPL, ESU, 2020. NASA Exoplanet Archive.

Cowan, N.B. “Characterizing Transiting Planet Atmospheres through 2025.” Arxiv.org, 2015, arxiv.org/pdf/1502.00004. Bryson, Steve, et al. “The Occurrence of Rocky Habitable Zone Planets Around Solar-Like Stars from Kepler Data.” ArXiv.org, 3 Nov. 2020, arxiv.org/abs/2010.14812.

Crossfield, Ian J. M. “Observations of Exoplanet Atmospheres.” NASA/ADS, Oct. 2015, arxiv.org/pdf/1507.03966.pdf Del Genio, Anthony D., et al. “Albedos, Equilibrium Temperatures, and Surface Temperatures of Habitable Planets.” ArXiv.org, 17 Dec. 2018, arxiv.org/abs/1812.06606.

Fulton, Benjamin J., and Erik A. Petigura. “The California Kepler Survey VII. Precise Planet Radii Leveraging Gaia DR2 Reveal the Stellar Mass Dependence of the Planet Radius Gap.” ArXiv.org, 3 May 2018, arxiv.org/abs/1805.01453v1. Fulton, Benjamin J., et al. “The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets.” ArXiv.org, 16 June 2017, arxiv.org/abs/1703.10375.

Heller, René, and Jorge I. Zuluaga. “Magnetic Shielding of Exomoons beyond the Circumplanetary Habitable Edge.” ArXiv.org, 3 Sept. 2013, arxiv.org/abs/1309.0811.

Kaltenegger, L., et al. “A Habitable Planet around HD 85512?” ArXiv.org, 17 Aug. 2011, arxiv.org/abs/1108.3561. Kipping, David M., et al. “The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): II. Analysis of Seven Viable Satellite-Hosting Planet Candidates.” ArXiv.org, 6 Mar. 2013, arxiv.org/abs/1301.1853.

Lin, Z., and L. Kaltenegger. “High-Resolution Reflection Spectra for Proxima b and Trappist-1e Models for ELT Observations.” NASA/ADS, ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.491.2845L/abstract.

M. Mayor, & E. Maurice. 1985, in Stellar Radial Velocities, ed. A. G. D. Philip & D. W. Latham, 299 Rugheimer, Sarah, et al. Spectral Fingerprints of Earth-like Planets Around FGK Stars, Mary Ann Liebert, 1 June 2012, dspace.mit.edu/openaccess-disseminate/1721.1/79721.

Petigura, Erik A, et al. “Prevalence of Earth-Size Planets Orbiting Sun-like Stars.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, National Academy of Sciences, 26 Nov. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24191033.

Most Interesting Star Systems

Star Name

Proxima-Centauri

Alpha-Centauri-A

Alpha-Centauri-B

EPIC 212737443 b c

EPIC 248847494 b

Gliese 571

GJ 251

GJ 414 A b c

GJ 414 B

GJ 3021 b

HATS-59 b c

HD 142 A

HD 142 B

HD 109286 b

HD 115954 b

HD 119130 b *dense

HD 137496 bc

HD 164922

HD 192310 b c

HD 20794 d

HD 27969 b

HD 211403 b

HD 21749 b *ultra dense

HD 23472 b c

HD 40307 b c d f g

HD 42618 b

HD 48611 b

HD 80869 b

HD 85512

HD 86226 b c

HD 95338 b

HD 95544

HD 97658

HR 5183 A b

HR 5183 B = HIP 67291

Kepler-3 b

Kepler-10 c

Kepler-16 b

Kepler 22 b

Kepler-47 b c

Kepler-51 d

Kepler-61 b c

Kepler 62 b c d e f

Kepler 69 b c

Kepler 86 b *PH2

PH1A b

PH1A B

PH1 B a distant pair of stars

Kepler 87 b c

Kepler-113 b *dense

Kepler-131 c *dense

Kepler 167 b c d e *kipling

Kepler 186 b c d e f

Kepler 283 b c

Kepler 296 A

Kepler 296 B Kepler 421 b Kepler 440 b Kepler 442 Kepler 443 terra Kepler 452 b Kepler 538 b Kepler 539 b c Kepler 553 b c Kepler 705 b Kepler 991 b Kepler 712 b c *hab Kepler 1143 b c Kepler 1229 b Kepler 1362 b Kepler 1410 b Kepler 1514 b c Kepler 1536 b *hab Kepler 1552 Kepler 1625 b Kepler 1632 b Kepler 1636 Kepler 1652 b Kepler 1654 b K 1661 A b K 1661 B b K 1653 b K1654 b K 1704 b Kepler 1840 b K2 79 e K2-263 b *ultra dense KIC 2975770 369.1 days Star Name KIC 4947556 KIC 5437945 KIC 9663113 b c KIC 9958387 KIC 11253827 KOI-2194 KOI-3680 b LHS 1140 b LP 791-18 c LTT 3780 c MOA-2007-BLG-400L b Proxima Cen b Ross 128 b TIC 172900988 A TIC 172900988 B TIC198485881 TOI 127 TOI 134 (L 168-9) TOI 136 (LHS 3844) TOI 142 TOI 174.3 TOI 175 (L98-59) TOI 177 (GJ 3090) TOI 206 TOI 210 TOI 218 TOI 234 TOI-237 b TOI 244 TOI 269 TOI-270 d TOI 435 TOI 455 (LTT 1445 A) TOI 540 TOI 552 TOI-561 TOI 562 (GJ 357) TOI-700 b TIC 150428135 TOI-700 c TOI-700 d TOI-712.04 TIC 150151262 TOI 714 TOI 715 TOI 771 TOI 782 TOI 785 TOI 805 TOI 1078 (GJ 1252) TOI 1227 TOI-1231 b TOI-1266 c TOI 1452 TOI-1899 b TOI-2008 b TIC 70887357 TOI 2257.01 TIC 19848588 TOI 4409.1 TIC 382200986 TRAPPIST-1 b c d e f g h Wasp 41 b c Wasp 47 b c d e WD 0806-661 b WD 1856+534 b

Determine the Rotation/ Day of an Exoplanet

Dynamics of Multi Planet Star Systems

Dynamics of multi Planet Star Systems the disturbing function R resonance is responible for energy and angular momentum betweenorbits. 2 body Celestial Mechanics Resonance is natures was of moving energy around, Tidal torque tranfers energy from spin to momentum. To model planetary systems resonance and gravitational tides must be added to derive equalibriums, Newtonian dynamics alone leave systems unstable. Newtonian Gravitational Law Gravity is the pull betewen two objects, force is determined by the size of the masses. Mass if the measure of matter in anobject. Gravity is inversly related to the square of the distance, if distance doubles than gravitational pull decreases by a factor of 4. Weight is the force pulling on an object. F = M * A (gravity * weight) F Mplanet r = -Mplanet (law of gravitation) Ar = GM/R^2 Ar = 4c^2 a/b^2(1/r^2) = GM = 4C^2 a/b^2 (bodies attract eachother) G = 9.8 m/sec^2 (gravity on earth) Dynamics of Multi Planet Systems Spin orbit synchronization, planets exert torque from stars and spin up. The more efficient the tidal effect, the efficient tidal allignment. Planets spin axis allignment is fast, stellar spin axis decays over time. Tides in stars are more efficient with convective zones, exploration for allignment and misalligned systems. Planets spin allignment is fast, stellar spin orbit decyas over time. Tidal efficiency efects allignment, stars with convective zones are more efficient. A harmonic angle is a linear combination of angles, it can circulate or vibrate. Resonance is scalar, all these terms are cancelling. mnn' is even smaller. If liberating angles are forced into neighboring harmonics chaos will result. Protoplanetary disks use convergant migration, energy transfer depends on efficiency. Resonance rate transfer of energy is greater than migration. Radial Velocity Changes along z axis in respect to time and barycentric orbit. Inclination difference between true orbit and projected orbit. a p e provide period and shape of orbit through r(t) and 0(t) w n i provide orientation of ellipse, semi major axis, period and eccentricity. Thermal Emission Flux Ratios Emmission spectra is from measurements of planets and stars. Flux Ratios

Unified Theory

Universal Element

Since the beginning of time mankind has gazed upon the stars wondering if we are truly alone on this one sanctuary we call earth. The many unsolved problems of modern day physics may be closely related. If there is a key building block that has everything to do with light, space, mass, universal constants, gravitation, life and evolution what would it be? The many scientific breakthroughs of the last century present us with a new looking glass to analyze our universe and rethink everything we have learned so far. My best guess to solve all of the top unsolved problems in physics today is: The Universal Element Called Energy

There exists some two fold element for everything that was came into existance, star and sky, night and day, love and hate the list is so long... each of these elements exists inside of us in some way, it is up to to look inside ourselves and find them. The best I can see is that there are pillars of hope for mankind; Truth Virtue Kindness Selflessness Forgivness Mercy Love

There is a way to peace, it exists inside your soul and is rarely found in the constucts of mankind.

Gravitational Mass

The Gravitational Mass ofa Body is exactly equall to it's inertial mass. Extensive testing over the last centuryon earth shows this to be true for our local spacetime. We have not tested this in energetically dense spacetimes. Special relativity implies that the inertial mass of a physical system increases with the total energy of the system. Even pure light has a relative energectic mass as shown by its maximum moving velocity throughout space time.

Pallas Construct

Pallas Construct I believe all of mankind is born of the same creed, of the same earth and of the same creator. Someday mankind’s oppressors will be a long and distant memory. We shall break free from the things that bind us and create fear among mankind; perhaps someday greed, fear, hate, selfishness, and injustice will no longer entangle our world. We are not born with chains over our hands, locks over our hearts, or blinds over our eyes; these were simply constructs of man intended to cause fear, and not of natures own design. Mankinds gravest mistake is to believe that hate and fear can be stopped with anything but love and selflessness. I would choose to pray for the forgiveness of our enemies, forgiveness for ourselves, and to lighten the burdens of the heavy hearts in this world. Written for J.C.

River of Dreams

JLC “A River of Dreams..” In reply to Andrew McCoy's " A Coy Mistress" For loves winged victories, I have loved you a thousand years more, Even when the seas split the shores, For my isles of reality are among, Ancient rivers and starry dreams. For when the stars shine above, The oceans do sing with a heavenly love, There in the fairest of valleys I find thee, My long lost and truly beloved From the beginning until the end of time. We are of the same earth, And of the same rhyme, Each of us a gem, The earth our placeholder, Where the keys to the universe, Are found in selflessness, Only then you will know, How much you are loved, Through seemingly eternal cycles, Or at the gates, I ask how often do we live, Someone else’s or yesterdays dreams? Be it starlit or long lost I see that, Glory lives only in the heart! True by this, Your gates shall chide.

Today the Internet of Things (IoT) connects people all around the world. We use it to connect, share knowledge, and make the world more convenient. As our world continues to grow the IoT continues connects businesses, schools, and people to the cloud making our world more interactive. Newly developed smart devices can help hospitals run smoothly, secure our homes, power supply chains and assist us in achieving a more sustainable world. New innovations such as smart lightbulbs and smart sensors can help monitor and manage our current greenhouse emissions levels. Energy efficient devices, electric cars and solar power systems all help to lower our greenhouse emmissions. But wherever there is a device connected to the IoT there exists a possible cyber attack vector. There are many different IoT vulnerabilities present in internet of things (iot) today. Cyber warfare or cyber attacks against devices and infrastructure are becoming more common in our world today. In additions, attacks against networks, devices, and companies can be difficult to protect against in real time. These attacks are usually classified as zero day exploits, where a previously unknown attack vector or application flaw is found. Viruses and malware can become embedded in systems software and consumer applications. Occasionally, successful attacks can go unnoticed for months or years and even bypass known antivirus software.

Infamous Attack Vectors Include:

Viruses: A type of computer program that can replicate and spread to other devices. Malware: Software that can be embedded or hidden in other applications. Worms: Computer malware that can be spread easily throughout computer networks. Trojan Horse: This is a type of malware that misleads or misrepresents itself causing confusion or harm to computer users. Remote Access: A way for back actors or cyber attackers to gain access to a network or computing systems Passwords Hacking: A way for A way for back actors or cyber attackers to gain access personal data, credentials, and sensitive assets. Open Ports: Many infamous attacks have been executed because a certain port or driver in not secured against zero day attacks. Unsecured Networks: Matware and bot networks can spread via consumer and business domain routers alike. Unsecured Systems Controlls: Infamous viruses have been used against systems that never reset default passwords for systems users. Computing Systems Without Backups: No entity or business relying up computing systems is safe without having backup system restores. Computing systems, networks, and personal devices are subject to a diverse variety of attacks everyday. Websites hosting personal, medical, educational, research, corperate and financial data are frequently attacked. In 2021 there was a 50% increase of attacks on corporate networks when compared to data about 2020. In the United States many government agency websites, U.S. financial systems, educators and vaccine companies have been especially hard hit by several of these attacks vectors since the pandemic began. It is estimated that North Korea stole over $500 million dollars in assets alone in 2022, and that’s just one of the harmful entities well known on the cyber security field today. The stuxnet virus was very effective because once it infiltrated a nuclear facility it not only caused malfunctioning equipment, but it has had the ability to spread. The stuxnet virus was a worm/trojan horse which resembled a virus, this is because it was able to become embedded in systems and software as it spread. Stuxnet was able to discover the proper computers it was targeting while evading detection and used 7 distinct mechanisms to spread to new computers. This virus also took advantage of back doors, or software flaws that were unknown to developers at that time. Stuxnet virus was also able to copy itself to open file shares and automatically propagate to connected computers while looking for software to attack. It looked for breach in the windows RPC service via winows print spooler service as well. It was also able to log into the centrifuge monitoring system (Siemans controller chair) by using the original default software login that was not remembered or acknowledged by the systems operator, wherein whoever setup the system should have disabled such default password. A breach via thumb drive

273-373 Kelvins Habitable Zone Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes Mercury Red Brown Rock ~4 Billion Years 3.7 m/s2 5.427 g/cm3 750 Kelvins iron, rock 0 88 0.4 0 0 0 0 noe 0 0 0.20563593 170,503 km/h 58.646 days 1 8 0 0 0 escape v: 15,300 km/h 1 1 Venus Red Brown Rock ~4 Billion Years 0.815 8.87 m/s2 5.243 g/cm3 737 Kelvins iron, rock 0 225 0.723 0.76 0 0 0 carbon dioxide, nitrogen 0 0 0.00677672 126,074 km/h 243 days 1 8 0 0 0 escape v: 37,296 km/h 2 1 spins backwards Earth Blue Green White Rock Terrain Ice Oceans ~4 Billion Years 1 1 9.806 m/s2 5.513 g/cm3 253 Kelvins iron, rock, water 1 365.26 1 0.3 69 1 1 nitrogen, oxygen 1 1 0.01671123 107,218 km/h 0.99726 days 1 8 1 1 1 escape v: 40, 284 km/h 3 1 Mars Tan Red Brown Desolate Terrain ~4 Billion Years 0.532 0.107 3.71 m/s2 3.934 g/cm3 210 kelvins iron, rock 1 686.2 1.524 0 0 0 0 carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon 0 0 0.09333941 86,677 km/h 1.026 days 1 8 2 0.1 2 escape v: 18,108 km/h 4 1 0.379 x earths gravity Jupitor White Tan Gas Giant ~4 Billion Years 11.209 317.8 24.79 m/s2 1.326 g/cm3 165 Kelvins hydrogen, helium, methane 0 4332.9 5.2044 0.503 0 1 0 hydrogen, helium 27 0.04838624 47,002 km/h 10h / 0.41354 d 1 8 75 0 0 escape v: 216,720 km/h 5 1 Saturn Yellow White Gas Giant With Rings ~4 Billion Years 8.552 85.16 10.4 m/s2 0.687 g/cm3 90 Kelvins hydrogen, helium 0 10759.22 10 0.342 0 1 0 hydrogen, helium 0.05386179 34,701 km/h 0.444 days 1 8 82 0 0 escape v: 129,924 km/h 6 1 has rings Uranus Lght Blue Ice Giant ~4 Billion Years 4 14.5 8.87 m/s2 1.27 g/cm3 76 Kelvins -197 f rock, hydrogen, helium, methane, ice 0 30,688.50 19.2185 0.3 0 1 1.4 hydrogen, helium, methane 27.7 0.04725744 24,477 km/h 17h14m23s 1 8 27 0 0 escape v: 76,968 km/h 7 1 spins backwards Neptune Blue Ice Giant ~4 Billion Years 3.883 17.147 11.15 m/s2 1.638 g/cm3 72 kelvins -346 f hydrogen, helium, methane, ice 0 60191.552 30.1 0.29 0 1 1.7 hydrogen, helium, methane 19.7 0.00859048 19,566 km/h 16h6m 1 8 14 0 0 escape v: 84,816 km/h 8 1 Moon Silver Etheral ~4 Billion Years 0.111 0.38*9.806 3.34 g/cm3 271 Kelvins iron, nickel, rock 0 27.3 0.00257 0.12 0 0 0 none Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes Proxima Cen b brown m close terra irradiated 1.27 234 0 11.186 0.0485 0 0 0 0 irradiated likely no atmosphere 0 0 0.35 0 1 3 1 0 0.1 95 0 1 1 EPIC 248847494 b blue grey super dense jupitor 12.4 4132 250 g/cm3 200 hydrogen, helium, methane 1 3650 4.5 0.3 1 0 0 hydrogen, helium, methane 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 EPIC 212737443 b red mercury ~3 Billion Years 2.586 7.3 500 hydrogen, helium 0 13.603 0.09 2.98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 EPIC 212737443 c green k super habitable terra ~3 Billion Years 2.69 7.7 314 iron, rock, water 1 65.55 0.28 4.61 0.3 1 1 1.7 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0.9 10 0 2 1 GJ 251 b GJ 338 B b GJ 357 d GJ 411 b GJ 414 A b red brown mercury 12 2.63 7.6 2.88 308.6 rock iron - habitable zone 0 50.8 0.232 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0.45 0 0 2 2 0 1 14 habitable moons? 1 1 GJ 414 A c gray warm jup 11 8.4 53.83 124.7 rock iron ice 1 749.83 1.4 0 1 1 5 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.105 0 0 2 2 0 0.1 0 heat from second star? 2 1 GJ 793 GJ 887 c GJ 1132 c GJ 3473 c GJ 3021 b red brown venus 1071 350 hydrogen, helium, methane 0 133.71 0.49 0 0 0 10 1 1 0.511 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes HATS-59 b red brown sol hot gas giant 3 12.62 256 0.5 g/cm3 1128 hot gas 0 5.416 0.06 0 0 0 0 2.5 hydrogen, helium 0 0 0.129 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 HATS-59 c blue grey sol warm jup x 14 3 10 4000 340 hydrogen, helium, methane 1 446.27 2.504 0 0 0 1 40 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.083 0 1 1 2 0 0.6 62 habitable moons? 2 1 HD 142 b blue grey warm jupitor 1.77 10 395.5 300 1 351.4 1.03 0 0 0 1 30 0 0 0.16 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 habitable moons? 1 1 HD 142 c ice ice 3.12 10 1684 0 ice 0 10159.642 9.815 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.277 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 2 1 HD 142 d brown mercury 3.12 10 HD 109286 b blue green sol warm super 3 x jupiter 7 3 950 259.4 hydrogen, helium, methane 1 520.1 1.259 0.4 1 1 9.5 nitrogen, oxygen, water 30 30 0.338 0 0 1 1 0 0.6 61 0 1 1 HR 5183 b blue grey 3 x jupiter 3 1027 171 hydrogen, helium, methane 0 27000 18 0 0 10 0 0 90 0.88 2 1 0 0 0 highly eccentric jup 1 1 HD 5319 c HD 55696 b HD 95544 b blue grey cold jup 4 2100 156.5 hydrogen, helium, methane 0 2172 3.386 0 0 0 20 0.043 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 HD 98736 b HD 757284 b HD 73534 b HD 75898 b HD 10442 b HD 11506 c HD 115954 b blue grey super ice jup 4 2600 144.9 hydrogen, helium, methane 0 3700 5 0 0 0 20 0.487 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 HD 119130 b *dense 2.63 24.5 7.45 2.4 HD 125612 b HD 137496 b red mercury 7 1.31 4 10.49 2000 0 0 1.621 0.027 3.28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 HD 137496 c blue green bright super terra x 7 jupiters 7 4 2400 350-370 hydrogen, helium, methane, water? 1 479.9 1.216 0.4 1 1 24 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.477 0 1 1 2 0 0.6 63 habitable moons? 2 1 hot greenhouse HD 14810 b HD 148164 c HD 148284 B HD 154672 HD 16175 b HD 163607 c HD 164509 b HD 164922 b 2.8 116 159 0 1207 2.16 10 0.08 HD 164922 c 2.3 13 400 0 75.74 0.341 1.3 0.12 HD 164922 d 1.31 4 1000 0 12.458 0.103 0 1 0 0 0.12 HD 164922 e 2 10.5 700 0 41.763 0.229 0 1.1 0.08 HD 16760 b HD 192310 b red venus 2.4 16.9 * * 340 iron, rock, water vapor? 1 74.72 0.32 0 1 0 1.6 nitrogen, oxygen, water * * 0.13 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 HD 192310 c blue grey sol giant icy terra 2.5 24 220 iron, rock, ice 1 525.8 1.18 14 0.4 1 1 24 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.32 0 1 1 2 0 0.5 90 sol giant icy terra 2 1 HD 203473 b HD 205739 b HD 20794 d HD 27969 b blue green sol cool habitable jupiter 3 1526 261 hydrogen, helium, methane, water? 1 654.5 1.552 0.3 1 1 15 nitrogen, oxygen, water 100 100 0.182 0 1 1 0 0.6 64 warm 4.8 x jupiter 1 1 HD 211403 b warm sup jup 3 1761 ? hydrogen, helium, water, methane 0 223.8 0.768 0 17 nitrogen, oxygen, water 0.084 1 1 0 0 0 habitable moons? 1 1 HD 211810 b HD 214823 b HD 21749 b *ultra dense 2.836 23.2 6.54 rock w ice 2.3 HD 217850 b HD 23472 b 2.41 17.92 5.94 rock w ice h20 10-20% 1.7 HD 23472 c iron core half mass HD 40307 b red mercury 2 1.3 4 0 0 900 iron core 0 4.312 0.0468 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 HD 40307 c red mercury 2 1.5 6.5 0 0 800 iron core 0 9.618 0.079 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 2 1 HD 40307 d brown venus 2 1.8 9.5 0 0 540 hot gas 0 20,432 0.132 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 3 1 HD 40307 f blue green k hot super terra 2 1.4 5.2 0 0 398 iron 0 51.76 0.247 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 4 1 HD 40307 g dark blue k cool s terra 365 * 0.5 = 182.5 days 2 2 8 0 0 260 jc calc* iron rock water vapor 1 197.8 0.6 10 0.35 1 1 8 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.29 0 1 1 5 0 0.6 60 0 5 1 HD 42618 b blue sol massive greenhouse water world 3 2.4 14.4 0 0 337 1 148.49 0.5337 0 0 1.4 nitrogen, oxygen, water 0 0 0.19 0 0 1 1 0 1 11 habitable moons? 1 1 HD 48611 b 1.86 2.172 0 0 HD 75784 c HD 80869 b blue grey warm jup 3 1545 0 0 203* 0 1711.7 2.878 1 0.862 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 HD 85512 b blue green k close terra 5 1.3 3.2 0 0 298 iron, rock, water vapor? 1 58.43 0.26 0.1 1 1 1.1 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.11 0 1 1 1 0 0.9 19 k perfect habitable zone 1 1 moons? HD 86226 b * blue grey warm super earth 3.4 143 225 hydrogen, helium, ice 0.5 1628 2.73 0 0 0 14 0.059 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 HD 86226 c red venus 2.16 7.25 1311 iron rock 0 3.984 0.049 0 0 0 1.3 0 0 0 0.75 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 HD 95338 b HD 95544 b blue grey cold jup 4 2172 156.5 hydrogen, helium, methane 0 2172 3.386 0 0 0 21 0.043 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 HD 96167 b HD 97658 b HD 757284 b Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes K2 3 e K2-18 b K2-18 c K2-66 b 2.49 21.3 7.8 2.1 K2-72 e K2-123 b K2-133 e K2-136 d K2-149 b K2-149 c K2 135 e K2-149 d K2-149 e K2-149 f K2-149 g K2-152 b K2-155 d K2-180 b *dense 2.2 11.3 5.6 g/cm^3 1.1 Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes K2-239 d K2-240 c K2-263 b *ultra dense red venus 6 2.41 14.8 5.7 5.7 450 iron rock 0 50.818 0.257 3.487 0 0 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 K2-264 c K2-288 b K2-323 b K2-9 b K2-95 b Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temp Comp Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Heat A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Notes Planet Number Confirmed Other notes Kepler-3 b Kepler-10 c 2.35 17.2 7.1 1.7 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 Kepler-16 b Kepler-22 b blue green sol dense super earth 6 2.38 30 14.7 g/cm3 262 super dense iron rock water ice yes 289.862 0.849 7.415 0.3 1 1 3 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.8 7 superearth terra 1 1 heavy element & metal rich Kepler-47 b Kepler-47 c Kepler-51 b red sol mercury 7.1 2.1 543 hot gas hydrogen helium 0 45.154 0.251 5.8 / 0.5 0 0 0 0 hydrogen helium 0 0 0.04 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 Kepler-51 c brown sol venus 9 4 439 hydrogen helium 0 85.312 0.384 2.7 / 0.19 0 0 0 0 hydrogen helium 0 0 0.014 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 1 Kepler-51 d brown sol venus 9 7.6 381 hydrogen helium 0 130.194 0.509 8 / 1.2 0 0 0 0 hydrogen helium 0 0 0.008 0 1 3 0 0 0 3 1 Kepler-61 b Kepler-61 c Kepler-62 b red k hot rock 1.31 9 750 rock 0 5.714 0.055 2.31 / 0.043 0 0 0 9 hydrogen helium 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 94 KIC 9002278 2:1 resonance 1 1 Kepler-62 c red k hot rock 0.54 4 578 rock 0 12.4 0.092 3.02 / 0.007 0 0 0 4 hydrogen helium 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 95 KIC 9002278 2:1 resonance 2 1 Kepler-62 d brown red k hot rock 1.95 2.3 510 rock 0 40.4 0.12 2.97 / 0.092 0 0 0 2.3 hydrogen helium 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 97 KIC 9002278 2:1 resonance 3 1 Kepler-62 e blue green warm oceania 1.61 1.814 7 270 rock water ice oceans ? 1 122.4 0.427 6.92 / 0.07 0.1 1 1.2 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1.91 1.91 0 1 1 5 0 1 13 KIC 9002278 2:1 resonance 4 1 Kepler-62 f blue icy oceania 1.41 1.536 6 208 rock ice ? 1 267.291 0.718 7.46 / 0.042 0.2 1 1.1 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1.81 1.81 0 1 1 5 0 1 2 KIC 9002278 2:1 resonance 5 1 Kepler-69 b red brown sol hot rock 2.24 2.74 5 779 rock 0 13.722 0.094 5.12 / 0.0597 0 no 0 2.2 hydrogen helium 0 0 0.16 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 Kepler-69 c blue green sol warm water world 1.71 1.955 4 299 rock water oceans ? 1 242.461 0.64 13 / 0.035 0.2 1 1 1.3 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.14 0 1 2 0 0.7 30 chilly 2 1 Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Heating A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes Kepler 86 b *PH2 blue green sol super earth - gas? 10.12 18 282 rock water ? 1 282.525 0.828 10.5 / 0.988? 0.2 1 1 1.3 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.41 1 1 1 0 1 5 KIC 12735740 1 1 PH1 b red brown sol hot venus 6.18 169 480 rock hydrogen helium 0 138.317 0.652 0 0 0 16 hydrogen helium 0 0 0.07 0 4 1+2 0 0 PH1 tatooine planets 2 stars 1 1 PH1 koi 6464.02 blue green hot moist greenhouse earth 1.94 2.29 331 rock water vapor oceans ? 1 225.667 0.746 16.6 0.3 1 1 1.9 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 1 4 1+2 0 1 4 tatooine planets 2 stars 2 0 PH1 koi 6464 .03 blue sol cool supe earth 3.39 4.6 300 rock water ice oceans ? 1 541.74 1.341 10.47 / 0.1 0.5 1 1 3.3 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 4 1+2 0 1 3 tatooine planets 2 stars 3 0 TCE4 for PH1 KID 4862625 Period = 409.13 days not listed in exoplanet archive Kepler 87 b red brown sol hot gas giant 13.49 324 0.729 478.1 rock hydrogen helium 0 114.736 0.481 11.537 / 0.5 0 0 0 0 hydrogen helium 0 0 0.036 0 1 4 0 0 1 1 Kepler 87 c brown sol hot rock bright 6.14 120 0.152 403 rock hydrogen helium 0 191.231 0.676 16.614 / 0 0 0 6 hydrogen helium 0 0 0.039 0 1 4 0 0 2 1 Kepler-113 b *dense 1.82 11.7 10.7 1.1 Kepler-131 c *dense 2.41 16.13 6 1.6 Kepler-167 b *kipling red k venus 1.615 1.821 914 rock 0 4.393 0.0483 2.35 0 0 0 1 hydrogen helium 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kepler-167 c *kipling red k venus 1.548 1.727 768 rock 0 7.406 0.068 2.746 0 0 0 1 hydrogen helium 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 2 Kepler-167 d *kipling red k venus 1.194 1.248 536 rock 0 21.803 0.14 3.582 0 0 0 1 hydrogen helium 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 where are the mid planets? 3 Kepler-167 e *kipling blue grey k warm jupiter 9.27 16.175 129 rock water ice 0 1071.232 1.86 16.13 0 1 0.06 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 4 1 Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes Kepler-186 b brown red m venus 3 1.07 1.03 579 iron rock 0 3.88 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kepler-186 c brown red m venus 3 1.25 1.322 479 iron rock 0 7.267 0.112 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 2 1 Kepler-186 d brown red m venus 3 1.41 1.536 *384 iron rock 1 13.342 0.078 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 3 1 Kepler-186 e borwn red m terra 3 1.27 1.348 *371 iron rock 1 22.407 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 4 1 Kepler-186 f blue grey m terra 3 1.17 1.217 *207 iron rock ice 1 129.944 0.432 3 0.5 1 0 0 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.04 0 1 1 5 0 0.1 0 0 5 1 Kepler 283 b red k venus 3 2.1 2.1 600 iron rock 0 11 0.082 2.087 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kepler 283 c blue green k terra 3 1.82 1.88 300 iron rock water 1 92.743 0.341 6.279 0.5 1 1 1.1 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 8 0 2 1 Kepler 296 b red m venus 3 1.61 1.7 500 iron rock 0 10.864 0.79 2.696 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kepler 296 c red m venus 3 2 2 700 iron rock 0 5.841 0.052 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 2 1 Kepler 296 d red m venus 3 2 2 500 iron rock 0 19.85 0.118 2.97 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 3 1 Kepler 296 e brown m mars 3 1.53 1.55 337 iron rock water? 1 34.142 0.169 3.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 4 1 Kepler 296 f green blue m cool terra 3 1.8 1.9 274 iron rock water 1 63.336 0.255 3.517 0 0 0 0 nitrogen, oxygen, water 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 0 0 20 m cool terra 5 1 Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes Kepler-421 b blue grey sol dense warm super earth 4.16 16 16 *184.8 iron rock ice 1 704.19 1.219 0.4 1 1 16 hydrogen helium 1 1 0.041 1 1 0 0.5 0 0 1 1 Kepler 440 b brown red venus 1.47 1.619 0 0 400 rock 0 101.111 0.334 0 0 0 0 Kepler 442 b brown k venus 1.34 1.4 0 0 400 rock 0 112.305 0.409 5.62 0.1 0 0 0 1 1 0.4 0 0 1 1 0 0.1 0 0 1 1 Kepler 443 b blue green k terra earth 3 0.788 0.8 0.8 0 324 iron rock water ice 1 177.7 0.5 8.95 0.05 1 1 1.1 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.7 8 0 1 1 Kepler-452 b blue green sol earth double 3 1.63 3.29 1 0 278 iron rock water ice 1 384.843 1.046 10.63 / 0.019 0.3 1 1 3.29 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 6 earths habitbale twin 1 1 Kepler 538 b Kepler-539 b bown red sol hot rock giant 8.37 308 0 2.9 387 iron rock 0 125.632 0.498 9 / 0.794 0 0 1 30 1 1 0.39 0 1 2 0 0.1 39 runaway greenhouse 1 1 habitable moons? Kepler-539 c blue grey sol warm jupiter 2 2.4 763 0 0 253 hydrogen, helium, ice 0 >1000 2.42 1 1 1 7.6 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 2 0.5 1 1 2 0 0.1 39 warm eccentric s jupiter 2 1 habitable moons? Kepler 553 c blue green sol earth water giant 2 11 300 24.79 m/s2 1.326 g/cm3 288 hydrogen, helium, methane 1 328.239 1 12.127 0.3 1 1 30 nitrogen, oxygen, water 27 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0.9 0 earthlike jupitor 2 1 habitable moons? Kepler 705 b red 365 % 1.318 = 276.934 d 2 2.11 3.1 0 0 272 iron rock water ice 1 56.055 0.246 4.574 1 1 1 1.2 nitrogen, oxygen, water, snow 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.6 61 m super terra 1 1 habitable moons? Kepler 712 b red k venus 3 3.41 3.5 0 0 500 iron rock 0 21.022 0.1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kepler 712 c blue k cool super earth 3 4.85 11.2 0 0 245 iron rock water vapor? 1 226.89 0.65 7.5 1 1 1 5 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0.6 22 warm super earth 2 1 habitable moons? Kepler 991 b green brown k hot terra 3 2.54 2.6 iron rock water vapor? 1 82.53 0.3 Kepler 1143 b red mercury 4 1.67 1.7 700 iron rock water vapor? 0 2.888 0.1 1.554 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kepler 1143 c blue green k terra 4 3.6 10 300 iron rock water ice 1 210.629 0.654 8.675 0.2 1 1 10 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0.7 18 super earth k terra 2 1 habitable moons? Kepler 1229 b blue green m terra 1.4 1.5 1 86.828 0.35 5 0 0 0 0 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.4 40 hot terra 1 1 hanitable Kepler 1362 b blue green k terra 3 2.6 2.8 iron rock water 1 136.205 0.4 5.49 0.5 1 1 1.1 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0.5 23 warm super earth terra 1 1 habitable Kepler 1410 b blue green m terra 3 1.78 1.8 iron rock water 1 60.866 0.25 4.42 0.3 1 1 1.1 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.5 21 warm super earth terra 1 1 habitable? Kepler-1514 b blue sol hot water giant 12.42 1678 4.82 *387 iron rock water 1 217.831 0.753 21.327 / 0.78 0.3 1 1 16 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 3 0.401 0 1 1 2 0 0.1 38 1 1 habitable moons? Kepler-1514 c red sol hot rock 1.176 1 1066 rock 0 10.514 0.099 3.761 / 0.006 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.32 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 1 Kepler 1536 b blue green sol super earth 3 3.14 3 *176 1 364.75 1 12 0.3 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.1 99 1 1 Kepler 1552 b blue green k terra 3.3 2.47 2.5 260 iron rock water 1 184.771 0.45 9.7 0.1 1 1 1.2 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.8 12 warm terra earth 1 1 Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes Kepler 1625 b blue green sol super earth 3 6 9 302** Kepler 1632 b blue green sol earthlike 3 2.47 7 0 0 283 iron rock oceans ice 1 448.303 1.353 12.7 0.3 1 1 7 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 habitable moons? Kepler 1649 c Kepler 1652 b blue green m terra 2 1.6 1.7 268 iron rock water 1 38.097 0.165 3.24 0.2 1 1 1 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.1 13 habitable moons? 1 1 0 Kepler 1653 b blue green k terra 3 2.17 2 284 iron rock water 1 140.25 0.47 6.6 0.2 1 1 1.2 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.5 14 habitable moons? 1 1 Kepler 1654 b * saturn 1/2 jup blue grey sol ice gas giant 3 9.18 150 1.2 206 rock ice 1 1047.8356 2.026 23 0.4 1 1 15 nitrogen, oxygen, water 27 1 0.26 0 1 1 1 0 0.2 0 habitable moons? 1 1 Kepler 1661 b blue green m super earth 2 3.87 17 1.6 243 rock gas 1 175.06 0.633 0.4 1 1 1.7 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.057 0 1.5 2 1+1 0 0.1 0 habitable moons? 1 1 Kepler 1661 cand -> koi 3152 red m mercury 2 23.52 500 470 rock 0 28.162 0.163 3.19 0 0 0 0 hydrogen, helium, methane 0 0 0 0 0 2 1+1 0 0 0 2 0 Kepler 1704 b blue grey sol cool habitable 4x m jupiter 6 11.94 1319 4.06 260 + 14 iron rock water ice snow 1 988.88 2.026 6 0.1 1 1 13 nitrogen, oxygen, water 0.921 1 1 1 0 0.3 97 365 * 1.5 = ~550 days earthlike 1 1 cold stellar r = 1.7 Kepler 1840 b blue green k terra 3 2.777 2.8 282** iron rock water 1 131.19 0.4 6.8 0.1 1 1 1.2 nitrogen, oxygen, water ! 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.8 16 habitable moons? 1 1 KIC 2975770 369.1 days KOI 1788 KIC 4947556 KIC 5437945 KIC 9663113 b dark blue giant warm bright terra 4 4.6 8 0 0 322 rock iron water vapor 1 572.384 1.491 16 0.3 1 1 8 nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0.8 17 G-F super bright earth 2 1 KIC 9663113 c - K 458 red mercury 4 4.2 16 500 rock 0 20.74 0.1 10.385 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 KIC 9958387 KIC 11253827 KOI-2194 KOI-3680 b tan blue hot s earth 11.1 613 2.46 *347 131.241 0.534 6.737 0 1 0 60 nitrogen, oxygen, water 1 1 0.496 0 1 1 0 0.1 80 1 0 LHS 1140 b LP 791-18 c LTT 3780 c MOA-2007-BLG-400L b Ross 128 b Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Velocity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes TIC 172900988 b brown massive super planet 3 10 800 3.64 rock iron heavy elements eh 204 0.9 2 1 0 0.2 Super Massive 1 1 TIC 219466784* TYC 4409-00437-1 TOI 174.3 174.4 TOI-237 b TOI-270 d TOI-561 b red venus 1.423 1.59 3 iron rock 0 0.446 0.01 1.327 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 1 1 TOI-561 c red venus 2.878 5.4 1.3 rock iron heavy elements 0 10.779 0.088 3.77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 2 1 TOI-561 d red venus 2.53 11.95 4.1 riock iron heavy elements 0 25.62 0.157 4.85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 3 1 TOI-561 e brown hot? 2.67 16 4.6 iron rock heavy elements 0 77.23 0.32 6.96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 4 1 TOI 561 f red venus 2.32 3 1.3 750 iron rock 0 16.287 0.117 4.45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 5 1 TOI -700 b 1.01 0.42 2.2 9.977 0.0637 2.15 TOI-700 c 2.66 1.1 0.3 16 0.0925 1.41 TOI-700 d 1.22 1 3.1 37 0.163 3.21 todally locked planets TOI-712.04 TIC 150151262 2.78 3.59 145.234 678.71 TOI -782 TOI-1231 b brown blue? warm super e 3.65 15.4 329.6 iron, rock no 24.2455 0.1288 15 0.087 1 1 0 0 0 temperate neptune 1 ExoFOP TIC 447061717 (caltech.edu) TOI-1266 c TOI 1452 TOI-1899 b TOI-2008 b TIC 70887357 warm jupiter 13.317 25.439 292 723.826 TOI 2257.01 TIC 198485881 2.355 2.917 134.959 175.944 TOI 4409.1 TIC 382200986 7.79 305.05 92.495 6.916 / 12.366 Planet Name Color Type Age Radius Mass Gravity Density Temperature P Composition Habitable Period Orbital Distance T Dur / Depth Albedo Oceans Magnetosohere Internal Flux A Composition A Height A Thick Eccentricity Rotation/Day Num Stars Num Planets Num Moons Earth Simularity Designation Note Planet Number Confirmed Other notes TRAPPIST-1 b red venus <1 1.116 1.374 5.442 400 iron 0 1.51 0.115 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 1 1 TRAPPIST-1 c red venus <1 1 1 5.464 400 iron 0 2.42 0.015 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 2 1 TRAPPIST-1 d red venus <1 0.788 0.388 4.37 288 iron rock water 1 4.049 0.0222 0.814 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 3 1 TRAPPIST-1 e red venus <1 0.92 0.692 4.9 251 iron rock 0 6.1 0.029 0.029 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 4 1 TRAPPIST-1 f red venus <1 1 1 5 219 iron rock 0 9.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 5 1 TRAPPIST-1 g red venus <1 1 1 5 198 iron rock 0 12.352 0.046 1.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 6 1 TRAPPIST-1 h brown mars <1 0.75 0.326 4.16 178 iron rock 0 18.772 0.061 1.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 7 1 WASP-41 b red sol venus 12.3 270 0 0 1242 rock 0 3.052 0.04 0 0 0 270 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 12h42m28.51s -30d38m23.34s WASP-41 c blue super dense planet 1011 10 100 241 iron rock water ice 1 421 1.07 0.5 1 yes 1011 10 10 0.294 1 2 0 1 18 s hab earth 2 12h42m28.51s -30d38m23.34s Wasp 47 b red sol venus 5 12.63 363 0 0.993 700 0 4.159 0.1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 22 04 48.74 -12 01 08.64 Wasp 47 c blue super earth 5 8 398 247 iron rock water ice 1 588.5 1.393 4.288 1.3 1 1 30 nitrogen, oxygen, water 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 22 04 48.74 -12 01 08.64 Wasp 47 d red sol venus 5 3.57 13.1 1.58 1 Wasp 47 e sol venus 5 1.8 6.86 6.35 0 0.789 0.01 1.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 4 1 22 04 48.74 -12 01 08.64 Wasp 76 b WD 0806-661 b WD 1856+534 b